Chapter 7 Mcgraw Hill Pertinent Questions Answers

Appropriate Questions Chapter 7 31. How did the Embargo influence the appointment of 1808, and what was the reaction of the new president to conciliatory issues that the Embargo had tended to? The Embargo made a downturn on the country and gave shippers the feeling that Jefferson was acting illegally. In this manner, in the appointment of 1808, the Federalists ran more grounded than previously. Despite the fact that the Republicans won the administration, Madison comprehended that the Embargo was a political risk and in the long run evacuated it. Rather, he passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which told Britain and France that if both of them were to damage the United State’s rights as an impartial nation, they would promptly restrict that nation until they concurred. 33. What was Tecumseh's demeanor toward the settlements recently haggled between the United States and different Indian clans? How could he intend to forestall the development of white settlements? Tecumseh accepted that the arrangements were all void since the land had a place with the entirety of the clans. He believed that all together for the United States to really pick up the land, they would need to counsel the entirety of the clans. Tecumseh realized that so as to keep the Americans from extending, the Indian heads would need to join their motivation. 35. For what reason did Americans need to wrest control of Florida from the Spanish? What endeavors were made to do this before 1812? Which endeavors were effective, and which fizzled? The South needed to oversee Florida so as to increase important ports. Florida additionally went through waterways, making it appropriate for transportation and agribusiness. In 1810, a few pioneers got the stronghold at Baton Rouge. Madison added the domain and afterward wanted to acquire Floridian land. The endeavor to acquire land from Florida was fruitless until some other time in time. 40. For what reason did New England contradict the War of 1812? Before 1814, what did the New England states do to ruin the war exertion? The Federalist principally involved New England, however the gathering was lessening. They restricted the war in light of the fact that increasing new land would expand the Republican Party’s power. Their resistance brought about any desires for withdrawal and even the Hartford Convention. On occasion, Federalists even observed British triumphs. 41. What made the pioneers of New England see the War of 1812 as a danger to their future as an important power in the United States? What did they propose to cure this circumstance? On the off chance that the Republicans won the War of 1812, they would then grow their nation, indicating their capacity in the situation of the legislature. The Federalists, presently a lessening power, feared their misfortune in the power of government, along these lines arranging the Hartford Convention. The show served to ‘protest’ against the Republican’s picking up of intensity and talked about the privilege of invalidation and even alluded to withdrawal. In any case, it was without any result. 42. What impact did the Hartford Convention host on the Federalist Get-together? The Convention united the Federalist Party in sharing thoughts. Their arrangements to conflict with the Republican Party and their requests were arranged in the Hartford Convention. The ineffectiveness of the war nearly improved the Federalists’ chances at power. In any case, when the news happened to Jackson’s triumph, their arrangements at the show appeared to be worthless, indicating the thrashing of the Federalist Party. 43. What was the foundation to harmony dealings at Ghent? What did the two sides at first interest, and for what reason did they at long last concede to the terms they did? The two sides were worn out from the war and surrendered their past solid requests. The United States, understanding that Britain had little motivation to meddle with the trade due to Napoleon’s rout, didn't push Britain to surrender impressments or Canada domain. England, depleted and in the red from the wars, didn't push to have an Indian cradle state in the Northwest Territory. Arrangements were powerless and quickly drawn up.

Why Should We Use Research Essay Samples?

Why Should We Use Research Essay Samples?When it comes to researching essays and other academic topics, most of us turn to the research essay samples that are provided by various colleges and universities. That said, the question remains - why should we bother with such a resource? What makes these resources special from others in the same field?Online essay writing is not just about uploading your article to the site. There are other factors involved that determine the success of your research paper. For instance, does your essay contain good grammar and spelling? Is it sufficiently informative and interesting? You need to be able to answer these questions when choosing a research essay sample.A PDF version of your essay will also help you get an idea of how your final product should look like. You can easily see how this particular file looks and how it is formatted. This is a huge advantage, because many people make the mistake of trying to use a template for their research paper, only to have it be rejected because of poor formatting.If you want your research to be received well, you need to put in a lot of effort into having a good design. The idea behind research paper templates is to allow students to easily create an essay that they can easily edit and even improve upon as they go along.How much time do you have to work on your research? A PDF can save you lots of time, so if you are planning to submit your paper for an exam, you might as well use it for your purpose. These types of resources are ideal for college students, who have time constraints on exams and assignments.Finally, it's also a good idea to use a PDF file to practice your essay before you submit it for evaluation. This way, you will know how to format it properly and it will be much easier for you to follow the instructions. And by the time you're actually submitting the paper, you will already know how to deliver your message effectively, as well as how to provide supporting evidence.T here are several websites that offer sample essays. Make sure that you pick out the ones that best suit your needs.If you can't find a good research essay samples for your particular topic, there are other options. Look up other sources of sample papers or even write your own. In any case, these can help you craft an outstanding paper that you can be proud of, as long as you take the time to make sure that it is a well-formatted document.

Yellow Ribbon Program Scholarship for Eligible U.S. Veterans COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Yellow Ribbon Program Scholarship for Eligible U.S. Veterans COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA is pleased to announce the availability of the Yellow Ribbon Program Scholarship for the 2018/19 academic year.  The application will be available on the SIPA website on May 14th at 12:00pm EDT under “The Yellow Ribbon Program” heading. SIPA is committed to honoring those who have served our country by being one of seventeen schools at Columbia University participating in this program, which helps make education more accessible to eligible veterans. To be eligible for the Yellow Ribbon Program, you must be a U.S. veteran eligible for the maximum level (100%) of benefits under the Post-9/11 GI Bill according to your VA Certificate of Eligibility. You can read the full program information here. We encourage you to mark the date for the Yellow Ribbon Program Scholarship application as funding will be on a first come, first served basis. For more information, please email sipa_finaid@columbia.edu. [Photo credit: Columbia Giving Day]

A Biography of Geographer Ellen Churchill Semple

Ellen Churchill Semple will long be remembered for her contributions to American geography despite her association with the long-disregarded topic of environmental determinism. Ellen Semple was born in the midst of the Civil War in Louisville, Kentucky on January 8, 1863. Her father was a fairly affluent owner of a hardware store and her mother took care of Ellen and her six (or possibly four) siblings. Ellens mother encouraged the children to read and Ellen was especially enamored with books about history and travel. As a young person, she enjoyed horseback riding and tennis. Semple attended public and private schools in Louisville until she was sixteen when she headed off to college in Poughkeepsie, New York. Semple attended Vassar College where she earned her bachelors degree in history at the age of nineteen. She was the class valedictorian, gave the commencement address, was one of thirty-nine female graduates, and was the youngest graduate in 1882. Following Vassar, Semple returned to Louisville where she taught at the private school operated by her older sister; she also became active in local Louisville society. Neither teaching nor social engagements interested her enough, she desired much more intellectual stimulation. Fortunately, she had a chance to escape her boredom. To Europe In an 1887 trip to London with her mother, Semple met an American man who had just completed a Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig (Germany). The man, Duren Ward, told Semple about a dynamic professor of geography at Leipzig named Friedrich Ratzel. Ward loaned Semple a copy of Ratzels book, Anthropogeographie, which she immersed herself in for months and subsequently decided to study under Ratzel at Leipzig. She returned home to finish work on a masters degree by writing a thesis titled Slavery: A Study in Sociology and by studying sociology, economics, and history. She earned her masters degree in 1891 and rushed to Leipzig to study under Ratzel. She obtained accommodations with a local German family in order to improve her abilities in the German language. In 1891, women were not allowed to be enrolled in German universities although by special permission they could be allowed to attend lectures and seminars. Semple met Ratzel and obtained permission to attend his courses. She had to sit apart from the men in the classroom so in her first class, she sat in the front row alone among 500 men. She remained at the University of Leipzeg through 1892 and then returned again in 1895 for additional study under Ratzel. Since she could not enroll at the university, she never earned a degree from her studies under Ratzel and therefore, never actually obtained an advanced degree in geography. Although she Semple was well-known in the geography circles of Germany, she was relatively unknown in American geography. Upon returning to the United States, she began to research, write, and publish articles and began to gain a name for herself in American geography. Her 1897 article in the Journal of School Geography, The Influence of the Appalachian Barrier upon Colonial History was her first academic publication. In this article, she showed that anthropological research could indeed be studied in the field. Becoming an American Geographer What established Semple as a true geographer was her outstanding field work and research into the people of the Kentucky highlands. For over a year, Semple explored the mountains of her home state and discovered niche communities that had not changed much since they were first settled. The English spoken in some of these communities still carried a British accent. This work was published in 1901 in the article The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, a Study in Antropogeography in the Geographical Journal. Semples writing style was a literary one and she was a fascinating lecturer, which encouraged interest in her work. In 1933, Semple disciple Charles C. Colby wrote about the impact of Semples Kentucky article, Probably this brief article has fired more American students to interest in geography than any other article ever written. There was a strong interest in Ratzels ideas in America so Ratzel encouraged Semple to make his ideas known to the English-speaking world. He asked that she translate his publications but Semple did not agree with Ratzels idea of the organic state so she decided to publish her own book based on his ideas. American History and Its Geographic Conditions was published in 1903. It gained wide acclaim and was still required reading in many geography departments across the United States in the 1930s. Continue to Page Two Her Career Takes Off The publication of her first book launched Semples career. In 1904, she became one of the forty-eight charter members of the Association of American Geographers, under the presidency of William Morris Davis. That same year she was appointed Associate Editor of the Journal of Geography, a position she retained until 1910. In 1906, she was recruited by the countrys first Department of Geography, at the University of Chicago. (The Department of Geography at the University of Chicago was established in 1903.) She remained affiliated with the University of Chicago until 1924 and taught there in alternating years. Semples second major book was published in 1911. Influences of Geographic Environment further expounded on Semples environmental deterministic viewpoint. She felt that climate and geographic location was the major cause of a persons actions. In the book, she cataloged countless examples to prove her point. For example, she reported that those who live in mountain passes are usually robbers. She provided case studies to prove her point but she didnt include or discuss counter examples that could prove her theory wrong. Semple was an academic of her era and while her ideas can be considered racist or exceedingly simple today, she opened up new arenas of thought within the discipline of geography. Later geographic thought rejected the simple cause and effect of Semples day. That same year, Semple and a few friends took a trip to Asia and visited Japan (for three months), China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. The trip provided a tremendous amount of fodder for additional articles and presentations over the next few years. In 1915, Semple developed her passion for the geography of the Mediterranean region and spent much of her time researching and writing about this portion of the world for the remainder of her life. In 1912, she taught geography at Oxford University and was a lecturer at Wellesley College, the University of Colorado, Western Kentucky University, and UCLA over the course of the next two decades. During World War I, Semple responded to the war effort as did most geographers by giving lectures to officers about the geography of the Italian front. After the war, she continued her teaching. In 1921, Semple was elected President of the Association of American Geographers and accepted a position as a Professor of Anthropogeography at Clark University, a position she held until her death. At Clark, she taught seminars to graduate students in the fall semester and spent the spring semester researching and writing. Throughout her academic career, she averaged one important paper or book each year. Later in Life The University of Kentucky honored Semple in 1923 with an honorary doctorate degree in law and established the Ellen Churchill Semple Room to house her private library. Stricken with a heart attack in 1929, Semple began to succumb to ill health. During this time she was working on her third important book - about the geography of the Mediterranean. Following a lengthy hospital stay, she was able to move to a home adjacent to Clark University and with the help of a student, she published Geography of the Mediterranean Region in 1931. She moved from Worcester, Massachusetts (the location of Clark University) to the warmer climate of Ashevlle, North Carolina in late 1931 in an attempt to restore her health. Doctors there recommend an even milder climate and lower elevation so a month later she moved to West Palm Beach, Florida. She died in West Palm Beach on May 8, 1932 and was buried at the Cave Hill Cemetery in her hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. A few months after her death, the Ellen C. Semple School was dedicated in Louisville, Kentucky. Semple School is still in existence today. The University of Kentucky Geography Department hosts an Ellen Churchill Semple Day every spring to honor the discipline of geography and its accomplishments. Despite Carl Sauers assertion that Semple was a mere American mouthpiece for her German master, Ellen Semple was a prolific geographer who served the discipline well and succeeded despite tremendous obstacles for her gender in the halls of academia. She definitely deserves to be recognized for her contribution to the advancement of geography.

Self-Assessment for Development as Manager Essay - 3312 Words

Self-assessment for development as manager 1 Self-Assessment for development as Manager Self-assessment for development as manager 2 INTRODUCTION It is necessary for individuals to view themselves from the outside in occasionally in order to gain a different perspective and improve their self-evaluation ability. Furthermore, continual self-assessments enable leaders to understand their strengths and weaknesses so that they may improve on their leadership success (Banutu-Gomez and Rohrer 2011). This paper explores the effectiveness of self-assessment exercises as a tool to increase my self-awareness on the complexities associated with leadership. In order to ascertain if I have the necessary values to be an effective†¦show more content†¦From the results, I learnt that I do not have a strong preference for any particular organisational structure or culture. This was not a surprise to me as I discovered from my experience in multiple corporations that most combinations of organisational structure and culture can be successful given effective leadership. However, I did notice a similar trait in all the effective leaders that I have worked with. They all possess excellent interpersonal skills that enable them to understand their followers’ sources of motivation to work. From a cultural perspective, I believe that this is my biggest challenge to assimilate which is why this concept became my chosen area of research. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE As a result of increasing globalisation of businesses and shortage of skilled labour in the workforce, the embrace of new leadership practices is compulsory for every organisation’s continual existence and growth (Lynham and Chermack 2006). Organisations that are progressively reorganising themselves to be more team-oriented in their daily operations are enjoying the merits over traditional approaches where individuals have the power to uphold influence over others to Self-assessment for development as manager 5 achieve their own postulated goals (Solansky 2008). A recentShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Leadership and the Role of Self-Evaluation and Assessment1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Organizational Leadership and the Role of Self-Evaluation and Assessment Introduction The ability to manage and lead a diverse organization is predicated on how effectively a leader understands their innate strengths and weaknesses, in addition to gaining insights into how effectively they communicate. 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By providing a great amount of learning and development opportunities that will help represent the employees in leadership development programs etc. By evaluating the performanceRead MoreSample Resume : Career Development773 Words   |  4 PagesPath or Senior Executive Path. 2. Conduct a Self-Assessment for Career Development Needs – Identify obstacles that can prevent career derailment, how an employee communicates excellently and focus on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and other areas to improve on from the self-assessment. 3. Establish a consistent relationship with your supervisor – Spending time with a supervisor and manager and sharing the career development self-assessment summary. The supervisor should be able toRead MoreLife663 Words   |  3 PagesFinding the Leader in You Some people think that doing self assessment is difficult. Being able to analyzing one’s own actions or the will to acknowledge past failures can be a difficult task to acknowledge. According to Johari Window even when trying to be open and honest about self it is still a hard task to accomplish. Although the writer that took the assessments in both week one and two, the assessment confirmed things that was already known about the writer personality. While at theRead MorePerformance Management : Effective And Efficient Planning1695 Words   |  7 Pages1 Performance management is a management process that brings managers and employees together to work towards an effective and efficient planning, monitoring and reviewing the output of employee using the organization’s goals and objectives as a parameter. It is a management success tool that helps the employees, managers, and the organization to succeed. Performance management makes sure the organization gets what the employer expect from the employees (Mathis Jackson, 2012). Performance ManagementRead MoreEffective Performance Management Systems Essay examples1127 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to any development, management should take note of what exactly they want to achieve with their performance appraisal system (goals), what properties they want their appraisal systems to possess (characteristics), how they wish to execute the performance appraisal (method), and how they will use the data collected to achieve said goals (feedback). It is also pertinent that effective performance management systems clearly communicate expectations, distribute performance information to employeesRead MoreMotivator Theories Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees to express their concerns without fear of retribution. Furthermore, managers and senior leadership should be open and willing to listen to what employees have to say and encourage employees to be creative and innovative. Another motivation technique is to award, reward, and recognized employees for accompl ishment, performance, and ideas that have positive results (Undechukwa, 2009). Conduct annual climate assessment and feedback to determined the cultural environment of the organization and

Enlightenment and Romanticism Free Essays

Constructions of reading/writing in the British literature of the Enlightenment and Romanticism Robinson Crusoe, which was written by Daniel Defoe, was published in 1719. At the time of its publish, a revolution was taking place all across Europe known as the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment period was a time of conflict, suffering, and also a time of growth for society. We will write a custom essay sample on Enlightenment and Romanticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This revolutionary time period gave birth to such terms as deism, rationalism, skepticism, and empiricism. The period also saw an uprising in a new ideology towards human thought. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is primarily defined by a mythic conversion experience as the novel’s core narrative structure traces the hero’s transition from social isolation and disconnection to self-actualisation and social reintegration. As sole survivor of a shipwreck, Crusoe has to survive in, and adapt to a space which he initially experiences as alien and threatening, and he gradually begins to transform himself along with his environment. By the time he leaves the island 28 years later, he has become a resourceful and capable ruler over an economically viable cultural monopoly. This conversion process is exemplified by Crusoe’s appropriation of the island, as this space becomes the site onto which all of his anxieties and aspirations are inscribed. Consequently, the island is â€Å"transformed† from untamed wilderness into a cultivated â€Å"paradise† that bears testament to both Enlightenment rectitude and Western accomplishment. As such, the central aim of this article is to examine how Crusoe’s conversion of an unknown, marginal and ambiguous geographical locale into a prototypical British colony establishes a monologic world order on the island that defines identity as fixed and the island space as contained. In the Bakhtinian sense, a monologic world is closed, static, and limiting in the way in which it denies the Other. In Robinson Crusoe, a monologic world view is manifested by Crusoe’s experience of and adaptation to space as well as processes of identity formation. In this regard, Crusoe’s relation to space emulates processes of colonisation, as illustrated by his appropriation and domestication of the island. Furthermore, Crusoe’s relation to space also reveals his identity to adhere to an unyielding and codified structure of hierarchy and authority. Crusoe ecreates this monologic structure on the island by appointing himself as master over the island’s animal and human residents. Accordingly, literature of the time placed great emphasis on the importance of rationalism and moral righteousness and dealt with themes that showed the importance of conforming to socially acceptable ideals for the sake of achieving self-actualisation. In Robinson Crusoe, Enli ghtenment ideals are articulated by the novel’s compounding theme of individual advancement from a primitive state to a productive, ordered and purposeful existence. Though life seems to have been experienced as a vale of tears since the beginning of recorded history, the manner of feeling has changed considerably from one culture epoch to another. Every reader knows that â€Å"sentimentalism†,used almost invariably today to condemn the excessive,maudlin,or false emotional response,refers also to a benevolistic ideal which from at least 1740s made tears rather than leers a mark of society. From Goldsmith`s writings, a reader can see that the focus centers on the simple agrarian life style of the yeoman farmer. This focus would be natural, since Goldsmith was born and raised in the rural culture of Ireland. Goldsmith and other pre-romantics had a cautious distrust for industrialism, while the Romantics had developed later a strong aversion toward the destruction of rural communities throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland. The Vicar of Wakefield discusses the loss of nobility, faith, and innocence. Oddly, The Vicar of Wakefield did not achieve any greatness until the 19th century. In his advertisement about the book, Goldsmith states, â€Å"The hero of this piece unites in himself the three greatest characters upon earth; he is a priest, an husbandman, and the father of a family. † The protagonist is the sort of man that we can all admire. Through the character of Dr. Primrose, the reader will watch a man of honor try to combat the decay of his society around him by attempting to stay true to his own principles, even when he seems to fail to impress these principles upon his own family, particularly his wife and daughters. Like a conlusion, the first novel shows us the truth,the right situation when the man should be satisfied within his limitations,the work for him is a noble thing and he is driving by ideas,by the other hand in the second novel ,the literary form is more orginal,every day experience and by the way in prim-plan sets the feelings . The feelings provide knowledge and here is no limits, no adventure, no leisure: ‘painful feeling of incomplete destiny†. For the society in romanticism is important alienation and for enlightenment ,the order and the authority ineherently good. How to cite Enlightenment and Romanticism, Essay examples

Moral Controversies of Abortion

Introduction Over the years, a number of ethical theories have been utilized to analyze human behavior. These include consequentialism, Aristotelian and deontological approaches as well as Utilitarianism, Kantianism and Virtue theory. Ethical issues, such as abortion, capital punishment and animal rights, among others, have raised debates on how to address and approach them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Controversies of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While some people have gone for Utilitarianism, others have gone for moral theory in dealing with these issues. On the other hand, others have chosen to stick to Kantianism. According to Mill’s Utilitarianism, an action is considered right if it brings about happiness or results in the consequences that are considered best. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of Kantianism, an action can only be considered right in cases where it agrees w ith the moral principles. Moreover, the moral theory can only be considered right in cases where a virtuous agent also takes a similar action. This paper will consider the case of abortion and relate it to two ethical theories namely, Utilitarianism and Virtue theory (Arthur and Scalet 112). Abortion Abortion is a medical procedure that is done on pregnant women with a purpose its (the pregnancy) safe ending. According to statistics, over 40% of women are believed to abort once or more in their lives. This is quite surprising given the huge ethical debate that surrounds this procedure. Moreover, it has been found that abortion is done by women irrespective of their races or social classes. However, it is also important to note that the women who are most likely to undertake an abortion are over the age of 40, the young, the poor, and the unmarried. In the United States alone, an annual record of abortion cases comes nearly to 1.2 million. It was legalized in the country after the fa mous ruling Roe vs. Wade by the Supreme Court in 1973. However, in other parts of the world, this case has been received with skepticism. This is especially true in Africa and the Middle East, where religious influence is still considered strong. However, most Western and Asian countries have embraced it. In fact, it is believed that between 20 and 30 million legal abortions are performed annually (Abortion par. 1). Moreover, the statistics also shows that there are between 10 and 20 million illegal abortions per year (Abortion par. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This reflects how crucial this topic is in ethical perspective. The medical standpoint attracts the public attention to the complications caused by illegal abortions. This is mainly because of the rising number of deaths due to unlawful procedures. It has also been noted with great concern that a lot of women die due to the poor quality and performance of illegal abortions. This is quite crucial as compared to few cases in Western countries where legal abortion are allowed. This raises the question whether the other countries in which illegal abortions have led to serious complications should legalize it to save lives or they need not to do it. In addition, ethical theories have also been applied to try to resolve the issue to no avail (Trupin 1). Utilitarianism One of the ethical theories mentioned above is utilitarian standpoint. This theory considers an action valid or right if it results in the best consequences. In essence, it focuses mainly on the results of an action. That is why, the consequences of actions are implied before making a decision on something. Utilitarianism is, therefore, focused on maximizing overall happiness and satisfaction. It looks for the best consequences of actions. In essence, Utilitarian view point uses means-ends as its model of reasoning. The individual, therefore, works to get what he/she wants for the main object of evaluation as a consequence. It is also important to note that the end result is considered good if it enhances one’s life. Furthermore, it ensures that a person maximizes utility to achieve better results. Therefore, Utilitarian viewpoint searches for the actions that promote happiness to the highest number of people. In this regard, it can be considered as an act preferred by the majority. Therefore, if what brings happiness is wrong, they will go for happiness. In this case, the course of action does not matter. Instead, the result matters. Measuring happiness is quite difficult. This is mainly because people are unique and react differently in different situations (Arthur and Scalet 114). Virtue theory The next ethical theory is Virtue ethics. This theory is based on Aristotle’s moral ethics, which focuses on virtuous agent’s course of action at any given circumstance. In essence, it considers one’ s action based on another, considered as virtuous. In this regard, a virtuous agent is taken as the one that acts virtuously in every decision. That is a person that exercises the virtues which human beings hold dear. Virtues that are valued touch upon love, care and the right to life for everyone, among others. People love to see character’s traits that flourish in virtuous acts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Controversies of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, every action is compared to virtues. It takes into account the kind of habits one should develop as a model of reasoning. Moreover, it tries to determine the desires which such reasoning model considers best. In this regard, one does his/her best to become a better person. Moreover, this can only be done by comparing one’s habits to that of another individual considered virtuous. Therefore, actions are only con sidered right if a virtuous agent considers them such in the given circumstances (Arthur and Scalet 115). Relation of abortion to Utilitarianism As it has been stated above, Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of an action. That is why, if the end results bring happiness to the majority, then that action is considered right and best. Abortion has brought about huge debates worldwide. This is mainly because religious influence has taken center stage on the matter. However, it is important to note that Utilitarian viewpoint has prevailed over religious one in most Western cultures. Most women prefer abortion if pregnancy is unwanted. These affect mostly teenagers, old women as well as poor and unmarried ones. Considering teenager’s situation, her main goal is to study and get an appropriate education to achieve progress and happiness in life. In this case, having a baby will not be among her main goals. This means that abortion brings her happiness as a way of dealing wi th future problems. This is the same with unmarried women, who may not need children in such circumstances due to various reasons such as public pressure, financial issues, among others. Moreover, older or poor women may feel that they do not have enough time, finance or health to support or raise children. This, therefore, means that their decision is based on their needs and on what makes them happy. In essence, if one feels that abortion will be a benefit for her (or at least deal with possible troubles easing the life), then she will take such course of action. Most women have considered the results of possible decision to abort with regard to what will make them happier. This is the reason why most women are for abortion. It saves them from parental issues that bring about financial constraints at a time when they are not prepared (Trupin 1). Relation of abortion to Virtue theory Concerning Virtue theory, it is important to consider religious influence. Human beings believe in virtues which they would like to have and stand up for with the cost of their lives. However, some circumstances may not allow them to do so. For instance, most women in China would wish to have more than one baby, but the one child policy makes it impossible. It is also the fact that people derive their virtues from spiritual world. That is why religion influences society norms and virtues. Moreover, cultures and traditions also affect virtues.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, it is important to mention that almost all viewpoints concur with one point a child, even unborn, has also the right to life. In this regard, a virtuous agent will not abort a child in normal circumstances. In fact, this is considered a murder since life begins at conception. However, it also important to consider what a virtuous agent would do in case the mother’s life is in danger. In such a situation, abortion would be done to save the mother’s life since she can still have another child. Moreover, a child has a long way to go if it is delivered and has no mother to care for and raise it. Therefore, its chances of survival are small. In essence, Virtue theory considers abortion only in circumstances where it cannot be avoided. However, if there is an alternative, then abortion should never be chosen (Trupin 1). Conclusion On the one hand, Utilitarian theory emphasizes the consequence of an action. It, therefore, justifies the means by results. In essenc e, it is for democracy and the will of majority. This is why abortion has been accepted in most Western cultures. Utilitarian theory justifies abortion in such a scenario. However, it may be considered wrong because happiness cannot be measured. Moreover, it encourages people to go on satisfying their needs without control and to unlimited extent. Due to such a viewpoint, people will consider their desires without making an allowance for what others want. Every child would wish to be born; however, its mother may decide not to give it birth (just to ensure her happiness). This is unfair to the unborn baby. Therefore, Utilitarian theory should be ignored when it comes to abortion. Abortion is a common debate in most countries. In fact, its legal issue has been questioned by various religious confessions. This is mainly because it goes against their beliefs and virtues. Human beings have a right to life. In this regard, Virtue theory should preferred over Utilitarian one when approach ing this issue. Abortion denies a child this right; that is something that has caused concern, given the figures recorded annually on it. In essence, abortion should not be legalized since it goes against human virtues. In addition, it denies the child an opportunity to live. Another reason for this is that an abortion is considered a murder. Since life starts at conception (this has scientifically been proved), it is not within the mother’s right to kill her child. Therefore, under no circumstance, abortion should be conducted. However, an exception can be made when the mother’s life is in danger. This should be determined by a doctor who has the skills and necessary information to determine the chances of saving both the mother and the child. In this regard, Virtue theory prevails over the Utilitarian as it considers action in accordance with a virtuous agent at some particular circumstances (Trupin 1). Works Cited Abortion. n.d. Web. Arthur, John and Steven Scalet. Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy (8th ed.). New York: Pearson, 2008. Print. Trupin, Suzanne. Abortion. 2012. Web. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/abortion/article_em.htm. This essay on Moral Controversies of Abortion was written and submitted by user Tiger'sBeautifulDaughter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.